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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–20 years Life] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.[www.egbadges.com,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.[High Quality Single Span Plastic Film Solar Greenhouse for Sale,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-AM has not been reported.
Here,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Needle for Crochet Machine,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves-Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.
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2.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves
Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe).Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. (a)Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. (b)300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.[China Baby High Chair]Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment, a small slit or pre-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. Finally,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(first tab)Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black, cross-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures MixerVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFactory Supply Electro Galvanized Wire/Galvanized Iron Wire/Gi Binding Wire. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station,σT,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. AsTexincreases,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, leading to a stronger weld.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing MillVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.
Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONUσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet-AM.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.
Acknowledgments
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
