Croygenic Swing Check ValveSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Fast Charging QC3.0 Charger 3 Port USB Wall Charger] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,OEM 0.1-4mm Coil Helical Compression Springs,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.[IP68,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.[Automatic Tape Dispensers And Machines Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-AM has not been reported.
Here,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag-Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.
Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock
2.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry
Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, with the extruder moving from left to right (Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine).High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. The schematic shown inLow Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. (a)Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. (b)Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.[99.9%-99.99% Tin Ingot with Factory Price]Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, a small slit or pre-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Finally,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal(first tab)Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, cross-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing FramesVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.dryingfree.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter,σT,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-parallel to the print.
3.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. Cross-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHyaluronic Acid Ampoule. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, which all had significantly smaller,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling ToolsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. AsTexincreases,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware PartsVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCDσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, respectively,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building-AM.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
