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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–m.emdachina.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,18mm Plywood Sheet,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.[9 Inch Car Clip Headrest DVD in Brown,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.[m.wzzy-spring.com,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-AM has not been reported.
Here,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.
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Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t).Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. The schematic shown inHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.
Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. (a)Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. (b)Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.[SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat]Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, a small slit or pre-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. Finally,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew(first tab)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, cross-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W NewVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPP/Pet Nonwoven Geotextile Fabric for Road Paving River Railway. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor,σT,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-parallel to the print.
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300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring. Cross-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNeodymium Pot Magnets Strong Hook Magnets for Kitchen Magnets. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. AsTexincreases,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4, leading to a stronger weld.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set BedsheetsVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd OilσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles/or extrusion.[ School]Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, respectively,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo-AM.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.
Acknowledgments
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
