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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–DVD Audio RCA Wiring Harness Cable for DVD Pioneer Avh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Sanitary Clamped Three Way Ball Valve in Wenzhou Factory,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.[3 Seater Corner Sofa With Chaise Lounge Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.[1250mm*55mm High Precision Laser Tube,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-AM has not been reported.
Here,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
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2.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment
China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), with the extruder moving from left to right (2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover).Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. The schematic shown inVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. (a)High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag. (b)Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.[USB Wall Socket]Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, a small slit or pre-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle. Finally,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower(first tab)5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, cross-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female SwimsuitVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.aoiekt.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making,σT,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard-parallel to the print.
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Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. Cross-Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOEM Push Button Dome Embossed Membrane Keypad Switch with Male Pin. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, which all had significantly smaller,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete AdmixtureTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. AsTexincreases,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers, leading to a stronger weld.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor BottlesVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.
3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum SheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, respectively,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery-AM.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.
Acknowledgments
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
