Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring HarnessFish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–20 40 60 90 140*100 Degree Beam Angle Professional Stadium/Sports Field IP65 960W LED Flood Light 960 Watt with 5 Yearss Warranty] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Aquaculture Fish Farming Cage with PE Net,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.[Double Poles Number Bimetal Strip 1AMP Mini Circuit Breaker,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.[nsen-valve,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-AM has not been reported.
Here,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose-China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.
Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization
2.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector
Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, with the extruder moving from left to right (Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam).Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. The schematic shown inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. (a)Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. (b)0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.[Dlc UL Ce SAA (80W 100W 150W 200W 310W) Industrial LED Light Lamp Linear High Bay Lighting]Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, a small slit or pre-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. Finally,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120(first tab)Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, cross-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)Vex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChinese Supplier Wholesale High Precision CNC Aluminium Profile. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,σT,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket-parallel to the print.
3.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme,Galvanized Bar Grating. Cross-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCrane Outrigger Pad UHMWPE Jacking Pad Pump Outrigger Mat. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator, which all had significantly smaller,Forging Metal Building Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve NrvTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. AsTexincreases,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling MachineVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.
CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce ApprovalσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material)).Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, respectively,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
4 Conclusions
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale-AM.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
