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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Custom Hot Stamping/Metal Stamping Manufacturer Steel Plate] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Pectin Developing Fruit Juice Apple Pectin Citrus Pectin, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.[50Hz 3 Phase 100kw 125kVA Ricardo Diesel Power Generator Set for Sale,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.[Heavy Truck Rear-View Camera Kit with HD 720p/1080P Resolution,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-AM has not been reported.
Here,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM-Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.
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SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, with the extruder moving from left to right (Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016).Croygenic Swing Check Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. The schematic shown inPultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. (a)Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. (b)Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.[China Truck Container Door Lock]Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, a small slit or pre-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. Finally,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile(first tab)USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Security Padlock(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, cross-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0Vex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Seamless Sports Legging for Women. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWheel 5.5f-16. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion,σT,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-parallel to the print.
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China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. Cross-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inProcess Monitoring. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stackable Syringe Pump, which all had significantly smaller,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels PumpsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. AsTexincreases,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, leading to a stronger weld.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead AnimalsVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012), respectively,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter-AM.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.
Acknowledgments
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
