20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy WheelStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–Neonatal Temperature Probes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,LED Ceiling Spotlight COB 15W 20W 30W Track Light for Supermarket Shop Gallery,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.[High Quality MPO Singlemode Duplex Fiber Optic Adapter,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).[www.goldenvision-lcd.com,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-AM has not been reported.
Here,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.
304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes
2.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting
Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, with the extruder moving from left to right (Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer).Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. The schematic shown inSWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.
Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. (a)Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. (b)Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.[Iced Beer Mugs]Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, a small slit or pre-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. Finally,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(first tab)Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), cross-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing MachineVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMake Up Round Mini Empty Foundation Stick Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,σT,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-parallel to the print.
3.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. Cross-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.3, and are displayed inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAwwa C606 Iron Grooved End Non Return Valve with EPDM Rubber. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, which all had significantly smaller,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5ATex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. AsTexincreases,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I BeamsVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.
Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation TankσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals/or extrusion.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine)).Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inYf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, respectively,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
4 Conclusions
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming-AM.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.
Acknowledgments
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
