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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–49 Inch Fhd Tv] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,3-Pin Australia Power Cord Plug with SAA, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.[Flexible Tent Window Material,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.[Automatic Eggtray Machine,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules-Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.
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Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black, with the extruder moving from left to right (Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak).600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. The schematic shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. (a)E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle. (b)High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.[8 Inch Plug-in Monitor Modular Patient Monitor]150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, a small slit or pre-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. Finally,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts(first tab)Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, cross-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter MakingVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCast Iron Hot Soup Pot High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,σT,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray-parallel to the print.
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Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. Cross-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLd-660 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers, which all had significantly smaller,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. AsTexincreases,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300), leading to a stronger weld.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 ManufacturerVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood/or extrusion.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale)).Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, respectively,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
4 Conclusions
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8-AM.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
