Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing SheetSlewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–Epe Foamed Net Production Line] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Width 1000mm 3 in 1 Servo Decoiling Straightening Feeder,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.[2.8inch Mobile Phone Lcd Display,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.[Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.
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E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle).High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. The schematic shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. (a)Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper. (b)Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.[Digital Vibration Knife PVC Car Foot Mat CNC Cutting Machine with Auto-Feeding]Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, a small slit or pre-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. Finally,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard(first tab)High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, cross-FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry FarmVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Power Industry Underground Cable Tray(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inToy Shoppe Dog Toys. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet,σT,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-parallel to the print.
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Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. Cross-40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFactory Sales Dkg-5 Adjustable Welding Rotator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, which all had significantly smaller,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion SensorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. AsTexincreases,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, leading to a stronger weld.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)Vexas shown in40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexPyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTScreen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic ArmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine/or extrusion.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve)).EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator, respectively,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
4 Conclusions
2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This measurement technique is a straightforward,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes-AM.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
