Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different ColorHigh Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–Custom Manicure Set Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,32W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Home Decoration/Residential,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.[Ballscrew Fixed Support Unit Fk12 with High Quality for The Module,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.[Dimmable Table Lamp High Quality Products,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-AM has not been reported.
Here,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.
Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley
2.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design
Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts).12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. The schematic shown inRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. (a)Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. (b)Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.[5/16 And 25mm Bs464 Wire Rope Thimble]1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, a small slit or pre-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. Finally,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair(first tab)10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, cross-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Toray Media Dust Filter CartridgeVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStainless Steel Industrial Chemical Water Pump. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,σT,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-parallel to the print.
3.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. Cross-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inContactless ISO14443A F08 RFID Plastic Card Smart PVC Business Cards. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07), which all had significantly smaller,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany ChairTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. AsTexincreases,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer, leading to a stronger weld.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner MouldVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexWaterproof Melamine Chipboard.
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock/or extrusion.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge)).Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, respectively,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).
4 Conclusions
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls-AM.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.
Acknowledgments
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
