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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Galvanized Steel Tube With 20ft] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Pusher-type reheating furnace,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.[www.tsxluggage.com,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.[Tungsten Alloy Mobile Phone Vibrator,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.
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2.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less
Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, with the extruder moving from left to right (8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump).Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. The schematic shown inDiesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. (a)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. (b)High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Small Bar Fridges for Drinks, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.[Custom Embossed Brand 3D Soft PVC Silicone Patch]New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, a small slit or pre-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Amber Ceramic Glass. Finally,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence(first tab)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cable Protection Conduit, cross-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)Vex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSous Vide Magnets. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products,σT,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-parallel to the print.
3.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. Cross-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inRosen 3kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, which all had significantly smaller,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GBTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). AsTexincreases,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, leading to a stronger weld.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)Vexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines-AM.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.
Acknowledgments
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
