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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–ruichirobot.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Nylon Hook Machine,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.[Digital Garment Printer Price,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.[Wood Pellet Mill Ring Die Popular Sale in Vietnam,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-AM has not been reported.
Here,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making-Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.
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Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business).Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. The schematic shown inNewest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. (a)Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. (b)Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.[Sexz 152cm Real Girl Sex Doll with Big Breast Ass]12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, a small slit or pre-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Finally,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer(first tab)99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, cross-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion SensorVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.apolomed.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,σT,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-parallel to the print.
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Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2). Cross-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPlastic Pallet Load Capacity. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4, which all had significantly smaller,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser TubesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. AsTexincreases,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, leading to a stronger weld.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants SuitVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement MarkerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, respectively,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. This measurement technique is a straightforward,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom-AM.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.
Acknowledgments
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
