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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–Black Fliter Mesh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,Custom Made Glass Reed Diffuser Bottles,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.[Corrugated Sheets For Sale,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.[5mm Acoustic Wooden Look PVC Spc Luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-AM has not been reported.
Here,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.10.4inch Industrial Tablet-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.
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Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, with the extruder moving from left to right (100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)).Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.[Single Fiber 1ge 3fe CATV WiFi Sf RF Epon ONU Ont with Wdm]Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, a small slit or pre-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). Finally,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine(first tab)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, cross-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd PowderVex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOther Refurbishing Accessories. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,σT,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean NoodleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
