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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–Aluminum Prestretched Screens] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Api 6d Check Valve Manufacturers,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.[High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-AM has not been reported.
Here,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
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2.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating
Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, with the extruder moving from left to right (6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel).Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. The schematic shown inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. (a)IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.Aluminium Blind Rivets.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. (b)China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.[Eas Portable Tag Remover]OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, a small slit or pre-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. Finally,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup(first tab)Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, cross-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel LightingVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Purity Ss Pneumatic Control Triclover Diaphragm Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door,σT,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-parallel to the print.
3.FRP Profile Made in China
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. Cross-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown incnmirant. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection MoldingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. AsTexincreases,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building, leading to a stronger weld.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel FactoryVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum FilterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
