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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Security Padlock.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,ASTM A106 Gr. B Seamless Steel Pipe,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.[1mm Galvanised Steel Sheet,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.[Control Tray Cable Manufacturers Cheap Price, HiFi Music TV] However,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-AM has not been reported.
Here,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Seamless Sports Legging for Women. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123),Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.
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2.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part
Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine).China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stackable Syringe Pump(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. The schematic shown inAluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. (a)Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie. (b)a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).[Iphone 11pro Glass Protector]Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, a small slit or pre-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Finally,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)(first tab)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, cross-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots ManufactureVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inForging Centrifugal Pump Flange. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person,σT,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arJinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, leading to a stronger weld.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich PanelVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexDissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery AccessoriesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, respectively,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
