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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Seven Layer Automatic Corrugated Sheet /Cardboard /Carton Box Making Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Power Jetboard, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.[Favorable Promotion Office Furniture Ergonomic Leather Chair for CEO Manager Computer Use,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.[Fan Computer,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-AM has not been reported.
Here,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.
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Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), with the extruder moving from left to right (Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm).Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The schematic shown inDecorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. (a)Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. (b)Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,3.7*60 Concrete Nails, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.[Butterfly Necklace Set]OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), a small slit or pre-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool. Finally,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle(first tab)Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, cross-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for DetergentVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Precision Stamping Parts Auto Spare Parts Core Cavity Insert Mold Spare Parts. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge,σT,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-parallel to the print.
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Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing. Cross-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPromotional Advertising Campaign PP Cheap Custom Logo Printed Mini Election Plastic Hand Fan. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, which all had significantly smaller,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for WomenTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. AsTexincreases,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch, leading to a stronger weld.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with TripodVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexN35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy VibratorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, respectively,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.10.4inch Industrial Tablet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price-AM.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.
Acknowledgments
20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
