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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Chopper Pump] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Baby Children One PCS Swimsuit Sun Protection Quick Drying Swimwear for Kids Girl,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle(Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.[Metal Aluminium Perforated Laser Cut Decorative Panel for Wall Panels,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.[Professional Skipping Rope,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.
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2.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace
Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard).Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. The schematic shown inTower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. (a)N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. (b)Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.[Compound Steel Grating From Jiulong]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, a small slit or pre-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine. Finally,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10.4inch Industrial Tablet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors(first tab)Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, cross-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice PriceVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Croygenic Lift Check Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCorrugated Steel Sheet Sizes. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,σT,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAngelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-parallel to the print.
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Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Cross-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPanel Spraying Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000), which all had significantly smaller,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and GirlsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. AsTexincreases,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer, leading to a stronger weld.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining ServiceVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.
Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum PlateσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag/or extrusion.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate)).Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders, respectively,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
4 Conclusions
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve-AM.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).
Acknowledgments
Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
