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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–m.oytmachinery.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Fireproof Decorative High-Pressure Wear Resistant Laminate Sheet HPL Board,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.[m.stamping-mould.com,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700),High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.[Comfy Pet Dog Vest Harness,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station-Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.
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Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, with the extruder moving from left to right (FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes).Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil. The schematic shown inSoyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. (a)Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. (b)Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.[Concrete Sound Proof Partition Wall]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, a small slit or pre-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. Finally,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod(first tab)Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, cross-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray BottleVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOrganic Fertilizer Disc Granulator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,σT,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. Cross-Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustom Blue Sand Casting Iron Handwheel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use, which all had significantly smaller,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. AsTexincreases,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V, leading to a stronger weld.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini FridgeVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.
2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDisposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single UseσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, respectively,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book-AM.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.
Acknowledgments
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
