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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine–Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer–Exterior Glass Facade] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.[GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes–Church LED Flameless Taper Candle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.[High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,Waterproof Outdoor Blankets,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(Seamless Sports Legging for Women) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, 3ton]LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).[6mm2 1000V AC TUV 2pfg1169 Certificated Double Insulated Photovoltaic PV Cable Solar Cable,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D–CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts]Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.[Pre-Seasoned Oval Camping Cast Iron Dutch Oven,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building] However,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine-China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.
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2.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
Stackable Syringe Pump(MakerBot IndustriesNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags).Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. The schematic shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.[Single Bottom PC Clear Fishing Kayak]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), a small slit or pre-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. Finally,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones (first tab)Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, cross-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB DesignVex.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Partsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inJumbo Roll Household Kitchen Use Aluminium Foil for Food Baking. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)).Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband,σT,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(see Section 2.3).[4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-parallel to the print.
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10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding. Cross-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.3, and are displayed inChina Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBuilding Material 3d Pvc Wall Panel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB), which all had significantly smaller,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery AccessoriesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHealth Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. AsTexincreases,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440, leading to a stronger weld.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with SeatVexas shown inCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexOEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass PlateσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendlywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier/or extrusion.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia)).Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inManufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, respectively,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.
4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
