API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check ValveStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–Outdoor Wall Fence] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,Hot Sale 120ml 100% Food Grade Silicone Feeding Bottle,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.[15L Dustbin Cover Mold China Mould Supplier,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[Agenda Notebook,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.
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Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar).New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Amber Ceramic Glass(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. The schematic shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. (a)Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.Cable Protection Conduit.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. (b)Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[ASTM A106 Gr. B Black Steel Pipe]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, a small slit or pre-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. Finally,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(first tab)Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, cross-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket MaterialVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inShanghai Cixi Low Cost Air Mass Flow Meter. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB,σT,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-parallel to the print.
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Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. Cross-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.3, and are displayed inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in10ml Plastic and Glass Small Travel Perfume Bottle. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, which all had significantly smaller,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building MaterialTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. AsTexincreases,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, leading to a stronger weld.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for SaleVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter TubeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB/or extrusion.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine)).13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, respectively,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
4 Conclusions
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap-AM.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.
Acknowledgments
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
