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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle–Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children–Color Acrylic Sheet For Advertising And Lighting] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.[Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E–Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.[Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,Polyester Non Woven Geotextile / Polypropylene Nonwoven Geotextile, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.[Carafe, Decanter, Jug & Pitcher,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance–Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved]Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.[Rolled Polished Molybdenum Copper Alloy Mo80cu Plate,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine] However,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools-Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.
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2.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts
Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(MakerBot IndustriesUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, with the extruder moving from left to right (Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD).HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. The schematic shown in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. (a)Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. (b)8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.[Corrugated Galvanized Steel Pipe]Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, a small slit or pre-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. Finally,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts(first tab)Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCroygenic Swing Check Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, cross-Amber Ceramic Glass. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement PlantVex.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cable Protection Conduit. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inzetindental. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush).French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),σT,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(see Section 2.3).[National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket MaterialTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. AsTexincreases,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, leading to a stronger weld.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food GradeVexas shown inMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. The influence ofTexandVexThree Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003/or extrusion.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument)).Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), respectively,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.
4 Conclusions
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material-AM.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
Acknowledgments
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
