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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–Adult Pacifier Nipple] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.[Safety Edge Switch for Automated Guided Vehicle Agv,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.[Engine Brush Cutter,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet
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Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door).Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)FRP Profile Made in China. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. The schematic shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. (a)Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. (b)16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.[Stainless Steel Surface Metal Processing Surface Finish Craft with The Abrasive Belt in Hairline Grinder Polisher Grinding Polishing Machine]Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, a small slit or pre-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. Finally,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts(first tab)Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, cross-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136Vex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Pvc Roofing Sheet For Shed. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1,σT,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arExternal Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass CutterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. AsTexincreases,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip, leading to a stronger weld.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing WorkstationVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi CameraσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder-AM.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
