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Addit Manuf.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
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Abstract

Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens–25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp–Sheep Wool Carpet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification–3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Cheap Price Split Ac,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.[pcb inductor,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine–High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.[Flange And Hex Nut Tapping Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-AM has not been reported.

Here,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.

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2.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube

Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), with the extruder moving from left to right (Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light).Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. The schematic shown inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. (a)360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. (b)High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.[High Efficiency 280wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, a small slit or pre-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. Finally,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)(first tab)Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), cross-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mmVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2 Position Selector Switch. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement,σT,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-parallel to the print.

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3.7*60 Concrete Nails,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. Cross-OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCo2 Laser Cutter Head Kit. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, which all had significantly smaller,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. AsTexincreases,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard, leading to a stronger weld.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake DiscVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexLarge Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for DetergentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, respectively,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.

4 Conclusions

Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard-AM.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.

Acknowledgments

Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element][Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer][2 Pin Momentary Tactile Switch Factory OEM/ODM Products]