Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for SaleWaste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–www.sinobaiclaser.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Empty Gelatin Capsule Hard Capsule Size 0 Hot Sale, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.[H Frame Hydraulic Double Action Press Metal Molding Machine,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.[COMMON RAIL PARTS,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-AM has not been reported.
Here,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.
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2.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve
G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer).Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. The schematic shown inGiant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. (a)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. (b)Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.[Big Size High Z Axis Spindle Rotating EPS Foam Wood CNC Router]API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, a small slit or pre-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). Finally,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door(first tab)Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, cross-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body BuildingVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Galvanized Bar Grating(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTwo Person Sea Kayak and Ocean Kayak with LLDPE Material. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator,σT,Forging Metal Building Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arValve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-parallel to the print.
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High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Cross-Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCombined Sticky Memo Pad. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator, which all had significantly smaller,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel PipeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. AsTexincreases,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color, leading to a stronger weld.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled GreenhouseVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCoffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture ProofσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale, respectively,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows-AM.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.
Acknowledgments
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
