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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–E Scooter Song] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),2450 Silicone Varnished Fiberglass Cloth Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[Inverter Welder 380v,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.[High Performance Fuel Injector Nozzle 23250-0c050 for Toyota Hilux,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.Stackable Syringe Pump-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.
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2.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding
Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, with the extruder moving from left to right (Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps).DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. The schematic shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. (a)18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine. (b)Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.[Abaya With Diamond]Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, a small slit or pre-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. Finally,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser(first tab)Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, cross-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and TubeVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFiberglass Frp Cross Arm. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell,σT,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence-parallel to the print.
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Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. Cross-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.3, and are displayed inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in4000-5000lm Led Track Spotlights. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, which all had significantly smaller,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark PlugsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. AsTexincreases,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, leading to a stronger weld.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway ReinforcementVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVexChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby PacifierσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
