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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Water Leak Automatic Shut Off] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,China Bookshelf With Drawer Organizing Home School,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(3.7*60 Concrete Nails) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.[PVC Concrete Formwork Machine Foam Board Machine for Construction,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003),Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.[Vfd Decanter Centrifuge,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-AM has not been reported.
Here,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.
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2.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc
Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, with the extruder moving from left to right (SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent).Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. The schematic shown inHardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. (a)0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. (b)Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[cnsdgt]Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, a small slit or pre-Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours. Finally,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour(first tab)Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, cross-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy VibratorVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAnti Mildew/Fungus PVC Coated Airtightness Fabric for Inflatable Boat. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine,σT,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10.4inch Industrial Tablet(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-parallel to the print.
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Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). Cross-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrecision Large 3 Axis Bench Metal Milling Machine Lm1450c. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price, which all had significantly smaller,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Croygenic Lift Check Valve.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled CableTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. AsTexincreases,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring, leading to a stronger weld.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof CladdingsVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexAngelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.
Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter FabricσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building, respectively,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate-AM.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.
Acknowledgments
800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
