Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich PanelDouble Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould–Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc–Anti Theft Lock Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.[Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06–18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.[OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production,www.jiaguanadulttoys.com,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(Spacer CNC Machining Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.[21 Inch High Brightness Ultra-Stretch 1080P LED Touch Screen Monitor Signage with HDMI,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes]Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.[Home Security Electronics Digital Password Door Lock,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag] However,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849-Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
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2.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box
Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(MakerBot IndustriesCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export).Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. The schematic shown inCustomized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. (a)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. (b)High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.[Metal Cutting Cheap Cnc Plasma Cutting Machine]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, a small slit or pre-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Finally,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(first tab)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, cross-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot SalesVex.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandalshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Croygenic Swing Check Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMultifunctional Breast Enhancement Body Beauty Fit-Keeping Instrument. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inM3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler).Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller,σT,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(see Section 2.3).[Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-parallel to the print.
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Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. Cross-Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.3, and are displayed inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCnc Machining Lightsaber Parts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, which all had significantly smaller,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. AsTexincreases,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, leading to a stronger weld.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining TextileVexas shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSecurity PadlockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Productswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine-AM.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.
Acknowledgments
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
