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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens–25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp–12X9 Blue Poly Bubble Envelope Mailers Padded Packaging Bag] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification–3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Commercial Vertical Deep Stainless Steel Upright Solid Door Commercial Refrigerator,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(Power Industry Underground Cable Tray) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.[Aquarium Submersible Dc Water Pump Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine–High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.[m.dgls-tech.com,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-AM has not been reported.
Here,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet-12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.
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2.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring
Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, with the extruder moving from left to right (UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New).40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. The schematic shown in20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. (a)F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. (b)Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.[3240 Glass Epoxy Laminate Sheet High Quality Products]Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly, a small slit or pre-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. Finally,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater(first tab)Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, cross-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd OilVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLight Weight Silicone Mold 3D Wall Decorative Panel. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker,σT,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-parallel to the print.
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Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. Cross-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWire Mesh Fence Singapore. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo, which all had significantly smaller,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling EquipmentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. AsTexincreases,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, leading to a stronger weld.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor UseVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen HolderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer, respectively,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.
4 Conclusions
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar-AM.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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