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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–500*2400mm graphite electrode] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,m.jxautumn.com,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.[Dispersing Agents For Disperse Dye Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.[Lecture Hall Seating,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap-AM has not been reported.
Here,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver,Aluminium Blind Rivets.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.
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2.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate
Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel).New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. The schematic shown inRound/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.
Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. (a)Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. (b)1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.[Double Head Thread Rod]Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, a small slit or pre-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. Finally,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(first tab)Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.FRP Profile Made in China(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, cross-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic PressVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTiered Lace Trim Marled Pullover. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,σT,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-parallel to the print.
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2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Cross-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHot Sale Wood Panels Melamine Faced Chipboards. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts, which all had significantly smaller,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction MachineryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. AsTexincreases,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, leading to a stronger weld.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking MachineVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexCircular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.
Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTExternal Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art ScreenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables, respectively,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet-AM.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
