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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off–Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port–Custom Molded Bamboo Pulp Eco Clamshell Packaging] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).[Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant–600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.[Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer,Basketball Cap,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.[2x2 Gas Shielded Welding Column And Boom,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt–Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll]Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.[Aluminium Cable Tray,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture] However,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).
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2.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy
Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(MakerBot Industries300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring).Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. The schematic shown inColorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.[Air Compressor With Double Cylinder]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, a small slit or pre-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. Finally,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light(first tab)Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theManufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, cross-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge BandingVex. Industry Grade & Food Gradeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPower Bank 6000mah. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line incolor coated aluminum coil manufacturers).Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,σT,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(see Section 2.3).[Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. Cross-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).3, and are displayed inRattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Manufacturer Programmable LED Destination Sign. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, which all had significantly smaller,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type InverterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTop Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. AsTexincreases,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets, leading to a stronger weld.Food Bag Packaging Machinery FactoryVexas shown in Anodized 92510-2. The influence ofTexandVex5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.
Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFine Paper Fabric Men Panama HatσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt-AM.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.
Acknowledgments
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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