Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light ManufacturerCustomized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Chicken Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Surgical Instrument! ! Endoscopic Grasping Forceps for Australia Endoscopy,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.[China bracket,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.[Car Rubbish Bag,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.
Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine
2.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings
Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. The schematic shown inSmall Bar Fridges for Drinks.
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. (a)Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. (b)Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Amber Ceramic Glass, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.[Automated Printing Rotary Die Cutting Slotting]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, a small slit or pre-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. Finally,Cable Protection Conduit, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(first tab)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, cross-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Women High Waist Belly Control PantsVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAPI 5L Steel Tube/API 5L Gr. B X52 X70 Black Seamless Steel Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag,σT,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSilicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-parallel to the print.
3.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. Cross-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBraided Cotton Cable Fabric Cable. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, which all had significantly smaller,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. AsTexincreases,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, leading to a stronger weld.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8Vexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexPortable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White)).Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, respectively,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
4 Conclusions
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). This measurement technique is a straightforward,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle-AM.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.
Acknowledgments
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
