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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–6mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Coating (A8011,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.[Sweatbands And Handbands,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.[Bus Diesel Engine Parts 1125-00007 Fuel Filter for Yutong Zk6129h,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.
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High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, with the extruder moving from left to right (Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou).Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. The schematic shown inPolycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. (a)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. (b)3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.[1 Bag Concrete Mixer]Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, a small slit or pre-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. Finally,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(first tab)Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, cross-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit DrainVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Supplier Melanotan 2 Peptides Melanotan2 II Raw Steroid Powder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine,σT,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer NozzlesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. AsTexincreases,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, leading to a stronger weld.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain SwitchVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/BlowerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale-AM.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
