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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Adjustable Hose] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Fashion Wooden Watch,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.[Trench,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.[Customized 180 Degree Digital Camera Hinge/Camera Hardware /Axis,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.
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SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep).10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. The schematic shown inDissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. (a)CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. (b)Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.[New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX)]PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, a small slit or pre-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier. Finally,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved(first tab)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, cross-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message SignVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inProgrammable Temperature Humidity Thermal Constant Test Chamber. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,σT,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGreenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-parallel to the print.
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Aluminium Blind Rivets,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. Cross-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLong Spring Strut Nut. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100), which all had significantly smaller,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style HoodieTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. AsTexincreases,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag, leading to a stronger weld.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China LuligroupVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexElephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.
Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRound/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric CoverσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. This measurement technique is a straightforward,FRP Profile Made in China-AM.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
