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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A–Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader–Hose Transport Racks] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.[FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser–75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.[10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,Ep8t Commercial Two Layer Electric Pizza Oven /Baking Oven for 8X12 Pizza,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.[7 Pin Flat Trailer Plug LG020,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine–2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter]Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.[Hand Held Welding Mask,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment] However,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-AM has not been reported.
Here,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier-Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.
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Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(MakerBot IndustriesBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, with the extruder moving from left to right (Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children).Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The schematic shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. (a)Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. (b)Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.[Embroidery Phone Case]500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, a small slit or pre-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Aluminium Blind Rivets, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. Finally,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate(first tab)Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, cross-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening BagVex.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCantilever Oxygen Plasma Cutter 80. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSpray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals).Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,σT,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWaste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(see Section 2.3).[Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. Cross-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.3, and are displayed inLight Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in1020 Honed Steel Tube. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box, which all had significantly smaller,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-FRP Profile Made in China.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct SaleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. AsTexincreases,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/PipeVexas shown in Coating (A8011. The influence ofTexandVex10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.
16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal ToolσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building/or extrusion.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation)).Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inRotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, respectively,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue.
4 Conclusions
Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates-AM.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
