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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools–Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer–Begu Finger Stock] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.[Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder–Security Padlock] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.[Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,Yidek 3p3w Micro-Computer Logic Control Capacitor Power-on Switch,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.[Wide Angle Solid Cone Spray Nozzle,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine–33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer]Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.[Pop up Rotating LED Watch Display Floor Cake TV Stand,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet] However,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-AM has not been reported.
Here,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.
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2.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)
3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(MakerBot IndustriesChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, with the extruder moving from left to right (Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag).2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. The schematic shown inInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. (a)Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). (b)Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).[vtimejewelry.com]Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, a small slit or pre-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. Finally,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer(first tab)Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, cross-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making MachineVex.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kidsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown ingjmach-chn. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization,σT,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(see Section 2.3).[Custom Plastic Products]Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-parallel to the print.
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Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018. Cross-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.3, and are displayed inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHot Sale Packing Automatic Carton Box Strapping Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A, which all had significantly smaller,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. AsTexincreases,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, leading to a stronger weld.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive PriceVexas shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump. The influence ofTexandVexOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGiant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable SlideσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H/or extrusion.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery)).Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir, respectively,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
4 Conclusions
Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder-AM.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
