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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–5 Ton Air Winch for Coal Mine with Hand Brake and Disk Brake Air Winch Air Tugger Pneumatic Winch Manufacturer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Genuine Xixi Crystal Transparent Discoloration Jelly Lipstick Moisturizing Lipstick,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.[50ml Glass Jars,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.[Amber Roll-on Glass Bottle Essential Oil Bottle 5ml Perfume Bottle,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-AM has not been reported.
Here,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel-Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).
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2.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer
Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, with the extruder moving from left to right (Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization).Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The schematic shown inMost Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.[Ms Reducer]0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, a small slit or pre-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. Finally,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter(first tab)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, cross-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of SouvenirVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPark Painted Green Chain Link Fence. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,σT,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.Forging Metal Building Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal DiaphragmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). AsTexincreases,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox, leading to a stronger weld.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic CableVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexIndustrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.
High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. This measurement technique is a straightforward,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine-AM.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.
Acknowledgments
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
