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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Punch Die Mold Punch Tool Mould Round Rectangle Square] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,m.yasentag.com, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.[Casting Tube Mould,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.[Bronze Casting,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-AM has not been reported.
Here,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,LED Module 25W 3000K,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head-Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.
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Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, with the extruder moving from left to right (Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine).Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. The schematic shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.[Thick Wall Square Steel Pipe]OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts, a small slit or pre-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price. Finally,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center(first tab)Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, cross-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water TreatmentVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRosen 2kw on Grid Inverter System for Home. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,σT,Spacer CNC Machining Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-parallel to the print.
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AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. Cross-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.thtransformer.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, which all had significantly smaller,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for ExportTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. AsTexincreases,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, leading to a stronger weld.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass FabricVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexGym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide GuidewayσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter-AM.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
