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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–Scs Digital Wagon Balance] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Professional DC Powered Motorised Transport Vehicle,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.[High Quality Steel Structure Building Materials Q345b H Beam/H Column,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.[Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire Fence,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-AM has not been reported.
Here,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override-High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.
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10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, with the extruder moving from left to right (Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda).21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. The schematic shown inDimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. (a)Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. (b)Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.[PVC TPU Jacket SpO2 Cable with Sr-PVC HDPE Insulated]a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, a small slit or pre-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. Finally,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery(first tab)155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, cross-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light ManufacturerVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHip Sintered Tungsten Carbide Plates for Cutting Metal. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock,σT,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-parallel to the print.
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30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Cross-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration, which all had significantly smaller,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. AsTexincreases,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box, leading to a stronger weld.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas BriefcaseVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexPVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch BuildingsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Needle for Crochet Machine.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves-AM.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
