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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Pvc Composite Roof Tile] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Laboratory Clean Room 100% Air Exhaust Biological Safety Cabinet Class II Biosafety Cabinet,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.[Cross Recessed Raised Countersunk Head Self Tapping Screw,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[Low Resistance Earth Module Manufacturer,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price-5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.
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Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, with the extruder moving from left to right (Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames).Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. The schematic shown in12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. (a)ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. (b)Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.[Door Stopper]Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, a small slit or pre-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. Finally,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box(first tab)DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, cross-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCDVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2019 Hello Face Hydro Facial EMS Skin Rejuvenation Mesotherapy Gun Therapy Beauty Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump,σT,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-parallel to the print.
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1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. Cross-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFar Infrared Ceramic Heating Lamp. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, which all had significantly smaller,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning JarTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. AsTexincreases,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, leading to a stronger weld.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round IndoorVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexAmber Ceramic Glass.
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement PlantσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer/or extrusion.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Cable Protection Conduit-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6)).Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), respectively,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
4 Conclusions
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price-AM.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
