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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Teen Tube Socks Wholesale OEM Custom Cotton Fashion Design Mens Colorful Funny Happy Dress Socks] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,New High Quality Artificial Soccer Grass Series,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.[www.jacrea-outdoor.com,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.[High Quality Qgii Single-Side Driven CNC Cutting Machine,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-AM has not been reported.
Here,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.
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2.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump
Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, with the extruder moving from left to right (10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter).COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. The schematic shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.[Best Price Pecan Shelling Machine]5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, a small slit or pre-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. Finally,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set(first tab)LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, cross-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting MachineVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Security Padlock(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMedical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,σT,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-parallel to the print.
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Seamless Sports Legging for Women,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). Cross-Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWaste Plastic Film Recycling Washing Drying Horizontal Dewatering Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, which all had significantly smaller,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. AsTexincreases,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool, leading to a stronger weld.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle FeltVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexStackable Syringe Pump.
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTup-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper BagsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
