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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Needle for Crochet Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–Beautiful Oyster Mushroom Compost] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),1,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.[m.jmheatexchanger.com,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.[Tp-H150 Handkerchief Tissue Wrapping and Baler Machine,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould-Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.
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Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap).Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. The schematic shown inWholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. (a)Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. (b)Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.[3m Flame Retardant Plastic Corrugated Roofing Sheet]Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, a small slit or pre-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. Finally,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed(first tab)E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, cross-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound AbsorptionVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminium Profile for Sliding Wardrobe Door Frame. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper,σT,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-parallel to the print.
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Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. Cross-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlass Wool Sandwich Panel Metal Roof Price/Glass Wool Board. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil, which all had significantly smaller,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure TankTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. AsTexincreases,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm, leading to a stronger weld.Power Industry Underground Cable TrayVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexNewest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPolycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete AdmixtureσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWatermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, respectively,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood-AM.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.
Acknowledgments
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
