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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–12v High Speed Dc Motor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Elbow Chamfering Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.[www.miracle-leather-bag.com,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.[Dehumidifying Cabinet High Quality Supplier, Anodized 92510-2] However,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-AM has not been reported.
Here,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou-Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.
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2.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material
FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, with the extruder moving from left to right (Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt).High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. The schematic shown inTunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. (a)High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. (b)Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Excellent Plastic Extruder in Pet PP Packing Strap Machine]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, a small slit or pre-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. Finally,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(first tab)Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, cross-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood MakingVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRubber Sheet Floor Mat. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher,σT,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-parallel to the print.
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Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. Cross-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDental Unit Post Mounted LCD Intraoral Camera Mount Arm. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, which all had significantly smaller,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48VTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. AsTexincreases,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, leading to a stronger weld.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big MirrorVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection MoldingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings-AM.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.
Acknowledgments
30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
