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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Bathroom Wood Flooring] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Agricultural Machinery 0.8ton Wheel Loader for Sale, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.[Hot Selling Extruded Aluminum Window Frame and Sliding Door Profile for Curtain Wall (A44),High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.[Gas Open Pot Fryer,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.
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8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, with the extruder moving from left to right (36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. The schematic shown inBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.[Floodlight 240W/300W/500W/600W/720W/900W/1000W/1200woutdoor IP65 LED Floodlight for Sport Stadium]25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, a small slit or pre-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,. Finally,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design(first tab)Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, cross-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton KaftanVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCvt Transmission Filter. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,σT,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-parallel to the print.
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Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. Cross-High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFDA Oxidation Resistant and Mildew Proofing Agents for Pharmaceuticals & Vitamins. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress, which all had significantly smaller,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen DoorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. AsTexincreases,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, leading to a stronger weld.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, AssemblyVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric FireplaceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve/or extrusion.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale)).Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBaby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, respectively,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
4 Conclusions
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07),Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China-AM.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
