Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP PipeGemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Cup Sealing Film] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Baguette Making Machine,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.[Cold Roll Forming,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.[10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml Custom White Black Kraft Paper Tube Package for E Liquid Bottles,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-AM has not been reported.
Here,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.
Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker
2.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light
Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, with the extruder moving from left to right (LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter).Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). The schematic shown inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. (a)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. (b)Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.[Tantalum Pipe]6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, a small slit or pre-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. Finally,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(first tab)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, cross-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan TabletsVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1.5x1.5 Windtower Welding Manipulator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU,σT,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-parallel to the print.
3.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Cross-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inConvex Glass Cutting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, which all had significantly smaller,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation TankTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. AsTexincreases,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food, leading to a stronger weld.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8Vexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning ToolσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control/or extrusion.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof)).Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, respectively,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
4 Conclusions
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block-AM.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
