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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–Custom Car Light Automotive Cable Harness] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Andrographolide Cas 5508-58-7,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.[Professional Paper Coloring Book Printing Service with Cheap Price,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.[Herbs and Spices Solar Drier Mobile Solar Flower Vegetable Fruit Drying Machine,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-AM has not been reported.
Here,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch-Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.
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2.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm
Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System).High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. The schematic shown in10.4inch Industrial Tablet.
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. (a)Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person. (b)Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.[2 Design Color Custom Jewelry Packing Box From Guangzhou Supplier]Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, a small slit or pre-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Croygenic Lift Check Valve. Finally,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket(first tab)18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing), cross-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym FloorVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTitanium Flange Bolt. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,σT,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWatch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service-parallel to the print.
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Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. Cross-Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in20 Tph Drinking RO Water Treatment Plant (KYRO-20TPH). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter, which all had significantly smaller,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle HoldersTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. AsTexincreases,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids, leading to a stronger weld.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber HandleVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustomized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection MouldingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending, respectively,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01-AM.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
