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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Brand Topwell Plasma Cutting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,3V Automatic Air Release Valve for Blood Pressure Monitor, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.[1.5m Hot Dipped Galvanized Field Fence,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.[Watertight PVC Vinyl Flooring for Home,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-AM has not been reported.
Here,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants-Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.
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2.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck
Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light).Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. The schematic shown inDisposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. (a)OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. (b)Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.[Dehydrator Machine Food Fruit]Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, a small slit or pre-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. Finally,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)(first tab)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, cross-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe FurnitureVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Iron Steel Toe Brand Name Safety Shoes in Guangzhou. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels,σT,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-parallel to the print.
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Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. Cross-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.foneng.net. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, which all had significantly smaller,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze FunctionTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. AsTexincreases,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, leading to a stronger weld.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction BuildingVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LED Module 25W 3000K,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning-AM.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
