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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Zinc Wire Mesh Decking Pannels] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Soft Pet Bed for Dog Use, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.[m.fashiongusta.com,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.[New Model X96 Max S905X2 Quad Core Arm Dvalin MP2 GPU Android 8.1 Bluetooth Support Voice Remote Smart TV Box,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals-Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.
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2.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display
Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, with the extruder moving from left to right (NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control).12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. The schematic shown inWood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. (a)LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. (b)Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.[Thermal Break Aluminum Extrusion Window and Door Profile From Chinese Manufacturer]Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), a small slit or pre-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Finally,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion(first tab)High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, cross-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,FRP High Strength Channels with Different ShapesVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSmall Batch of Aluminum Rapid Prototyping Service in China. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System,σT,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-parallel to the print.
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Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099. Cross-Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Manufacturer Customized Ferrite Ring Microwave Oven Magnet. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle, which all had significantly smaller,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 BurnerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike. AsTexincreases,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress, leading to a stronger weld.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall PanelsVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
