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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Graphite Mold Product] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Loose Oversized T Shirt, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.[Split Bolt Size Chart,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.[Precision Linear Motion Parts Ball Screw with S Type Nut,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-AM has not been reported.
Here,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole-Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.
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4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, with the extruder moving from left to right (Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support).Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. The schematic shown inSteel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. (a)Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. (b)Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.[ppbagwoven]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., a small slit or pre-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc. Finally,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication(first tab)Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, cross-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel FrameVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHip Surgical Pack. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,σT,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWater Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-parallel to the print.
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Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. Cross-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSecurity Systems Fire Alarm Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, which all had significantly smaller,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island FreezerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. AsTexincreases,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living, leading to a stronger weld.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle HolderVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools/or extrusion.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale)).Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, respectively,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
4 Conclusions
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. This measurement technique is a straightforward,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump-AM.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
