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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–High Quality Metal Frame Waterproof Four Key Button Wireless Remote Controller Yet088] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,1-10v Led High Bays Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.[Steroids,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.[Eco-Friendly 7D PVC Leather Car Floor Mats and Trunk Mats for Land Cruiser,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-AM has not been reported.
Here,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price-Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.
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Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration).Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. The schematic shown inHoneyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. (a)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. (b)High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.[OEM Sheet Metal Fabrication Zinc Plated Brass Metal Stamping]Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, a small slit or pre-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. Finally,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(first tab)DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, cross-Needle for Crochet Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card SleevesVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Supplier Quadruplex Service Drop ABC Cable. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip,σT,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown-parallel to the print.
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Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. Cross-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inProfessional Aluminum Makeup Cosmetic Beauty Case. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll, which all had significantly smaller,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for SaleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). AsTexincreases,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover, leading to a stronger weld.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel PartsVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor DecorationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak/or extrusion.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof)).Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag, respectively,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
4 Conclusions
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh-AM.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
