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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace–12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store–Female Male Waterproof 2 Pin Plug Connector] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.[Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler–China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.[Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,Food Safe Metal Tins,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.[Modern Design 30W LED Track Spot Lighting,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder–Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds]Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.[Diesel,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine] However,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.
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2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(MakerBot IndustriesNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules).Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. The schematic shown inHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. (a)3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. (b)Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.[2019 Prepainted Gi / PPGI / PPGL Color Coated Galvalume Galvanized Steel Roof Sheet]M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, a small slit or pre-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. Finally,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler(first tab)Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, cross-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative PaperVex.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combinationshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBall Screw 2004. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color).Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU,σT,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(see Section 2.3).[250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-parallel to the print.
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Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. Cross-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.3, and are displayed inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm, which all had significantly smaller,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
color coated aluminum coil manufacturersTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. AsTexincreases,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet, leading to a stronger weld.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 BallscrewVexas shown inCaterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWatermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywoodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300),Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New/or extrusion.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard)).Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMatt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes, respectively,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.
4 Conclusions
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm-AM.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
